Neanderthals Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Neanderthals - Research Paper Example Some suggests that the species mated with the human and disappeared into the other human species. Others think Neanderthals were underwent extinction since they could not compete favorably with humans a process that Charles Darwin would call natural selection. The origins of the Neanderthals can be traced back to about 250 years ago when a discovery of a born resembling that of a long-dead bear was made in Germany. However, a closer look at the born later suggested that they were not those of a bear as earlier thought. This is because the bones resembled those of human beings despite being excessively thick and oddly shaped. During the discovery, fifteen pieces of the skeleton and a skullcap were found at the site. The skullcap was found to be that which usually covers the human brain. Because of the strangeness of the remains, it became necessary to conduct a thorough examination on it leading to the fossil being handed over to Herrmann Schaafhausen, a local anatomist to do more research (Stefoff 11). Upon examination, Schaafhausen noticed that the fossils were human but only differed from those of the modern human being slightly. He concluded that the remains might have originated from the wild races, which lived in northwestern Europe documented by scholars. The place was called the Neander valley. However, Rudolf Virchow, a German anatomist also examined the remains and concluded that the peculiar thick, curved bone of the Neanderthal skeleton might have been caused by rickets. He went on to suggest that the peculiar structure of the skull might have been a result of blows to the head and arthritis. Upon thorough examination of the bones, Virchow disagreed with the earlier conclusions that the remains originated from the earlier primitive tribesmen. On his part, he concluded that the bones belonged to the unfortunate individuals who lived in the past (Stefoff 11). The conclusion

Judaism & Christianity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Judaism & Christianity - Essay Example Sacrifices were in terms of livestock or agrarian products which are now simply replaced by money. There is no need to slaughter farm animals and burn them as offerings. The rituals has ceased when the New Testament was written. The Old Testament was about the law while the New Testament is about grace that supersedes the Law through Christ. From a Christian viewpoint, Christ was offered in repatriation for the sins of this world so there is no need to perform ritual sacrifices. Even the food that were considered unclean ( fish without scales, pork, etc) during the Old Testament is not an issue anymore in the New Testament as Mark 7:19 (NIV) states â€Å"For it doesnt go into his heart but into his stomach, and then out of his body†, thereby Jesus declared that any type of food is clean. The second reason why the Torah is not significant anymore is because there was a change of covenant between man and God. In the Old Testament, the covenant was directly between God and Moses. However, the coming of Jesus Christ changed that covenant since He became the offering. The rules were changed since faith is needed not obedience to laws for one to be saved. Nevertheless, the Torah remains a basis for moral laws by Christians today. The website spiritus.temporis.com clarifies the importance of Torah among modern day Christians through the following statement: One common approach is found in the Westminster Confession of Faith (1646) which divides the Mosaic laws into three categories: moral, civil, and ceremonial. In the view of the Westminster divines, only the moral law such as most of the Ten Commandments directly applies to Christians today. ( â€Å" Torah†, 2005) I agree with this because modern day Christians need not practice rituals anymore. The Ten Commandments gives Christians clear guidelines on what should be the basis of their moral actions. It would be unthinkable to hold a certain

Did British Policies Lead To Partitions Of India History Essay

Did British Policies Lead To Partitions Of India History Essay On the 14th of August 1947 the new Islamic republican state of Pakistan was created, and on the following day, India was granted freedom and independence from colonial rule after 350 years. A number of British policies were introduced which led to deep communal conflict resulting in need for partition. This essay will explore the British policies implemented in India in a period of political consciousness and how it could have led to the partition as well as the roles of Jinnah, the Muslim League, Gandhi and the National Congress. There has been much debate among historians when looking at the reasons behind the creation of Pakistan and the need for partition. A number of British policies granted Muslims their own political representation; however a combination of communal conflicts and the alienation of the Muslims impacted on the decision for partition. The basis of the theory is that there was a want for a separate nationhood due to the failure to reach autonomy with India. The British adopted divide and rule policy which can be seen led to the partition of India. A number events leading up to the Partition resulted in Muslims wanting a separate nation. A call for non participation of Muslims in congress had turned Muslim anti nationalist, and by the 1880s, British imperial policy in India led many Muslims to this view, resulting in the creation of the Muslim League. The British once favoured the National Congress and they were given more power; however, Intransigence of the National Congress drew the government closer to the League and made them realise the importance of Jinnah as the spokesman for Indian Muslims  [1]  . Moreover the Partition of Bengal provided separatist thought for Muslims. In 1892 the Indian Councils Act was introduced, this allowed Indians to participate in local and provincial government. This is the first sign of Indians political need to govern the country. In 1916 the Lucknow Pact was introduced, in which the Muslim League and National Congress came together with the mutual goal to gain authority to run the government in India. The British government faced a lot of pressure following this pact. The following three clauses are distinctive; the first states that there shall be self-government in India. The second states that Muslims should be given one-third representation in the central government. And finally that there should be separate electorates for all the communities until a community demanded for joint electorates  [2]  . This was the only time both political parties worked together in unity. This pact was important as the Indian National Congress was able to see the Muslim League as a political party who was in need of their own electorate and they recognised the need for the Muslims to have their own political representation. The Lucknow Pact was seen to be a result of the Morley-Minto reforms, introduced in 1909, and the y were seen as a major constitutional advance  [3]  as they were able to spot the imperfection in the British government in India. However, the tribune of Lahore described the reforms as a complete failure  [4]  and thus another reason for the creation of the Lucknow Pact was to gain more representation of Indian people in India. The Lucknow pact was seen as a consequence of separatism by the historian Jalal  [5]  . As the government rejected the idea tensions grew larger. Thus tension between Muslims and Hindus was relived for a short while. However some had large objection and opposition towards the pact believing it was a hopeful augury for the future  [6]  , and the all Indian Mahasabha led a crusade against the Lucknow Pact due to the evilness of the reforms  [7]  . It is important to note that not all Muslims had common political demands, but a growing consciousness of political affairs. Thus, the Lucknow Pact is an important point in history as it marked t he huge need to take authority away from British rule; however, it led to more tension between the Muslims and Hindus. India was able to gain more political advances due to their loyalty and war effort, however it was not as much as they anticipated. In 1919, the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms were introduced by the British Government in India to introduce self-governing institutions, which later formed the basis of the Government of India Act of 1919. However, the Indian nationalists believed these reforms did not go far enough and the Central League found it difficult to accommodate the rising power of the provincial Muslims in the Muslim majority areas, and this was reinforced by the political opportunities under the Montford Reforms of 1919  [8]  . By 1919, the British government passed the Rowlatt Acts. These acts allowed the government to place people thought of being involved in terrorism in prison without a trial. It was clear that Mahatma Gandhi was very wary of the act, believing this went against civil liberties. It was seen to be going against the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. This led to protests against the act, creating animosity against the British. Tension was highest in the state of Punjab where the Amritsar mass acre took place; ten thousand people had gathered and British Indian troops armed surrounded the area, locking these people in, and without using armed weapons, thousands died. It was believed this was done for fear of a revolt. This created even more tension and frustration towards the British. These acts are of great importance as they led to a separate political group for the Muslims. They were now recognised independently from the Indian political groups which can be seen as an important development in the idea of partition. When looking at Gandhis involvement with the Swadeshi movement in the 1920s, we are able to see the development of an Indian communal consciousness. It is important as the need to achieve independence from the British rule evolved from this movement. During a period of mass nationalism the nation was brought together by this movement however, it exacerbated religious tension and alienation. Ghandi established the Swadeshi movement of which was to achieve home rule. The aim was to make Indias economy self sufficient without the help of Britain and its goods. Ghandi created a different type of Swadeshi politics by using the production and consumption of khadi, hand woven cloth  [9]  . As cloth in India was seen as power and authority, they used the khadi as symbol of the nations basics. In order to inspire new modes of consumption and a breakaway from colonial mode of consumption, the Swadeshi movement provided exhibitions and lantern slide shows encouraging these new modes. During colonial rule, British maps were shown more to Indians then to the British, the map played significance to the establishment of colonial power it was obvious then that Indian nationalist refigured the colonial map for their own purposes.  [10]  The Swadeshi movement intended to challenge colonial authority and Gandhi was able to reach out to both rural and urban Indians. A common object such as khadi was now transformed into a symbol of the Indian community and this was successful because of its long standing cultural meaning  [11]  . However, Gandhi used religious language to express his views, using Hindu symbols, which initially alienated many of the Muslims as they were aimed at the Hindu majority. There were also exhibitions which showed how the British robbed India of its economic and political self-suffiency  [12]  . The Amritsar Massacre was shown through a lantern slide show in order to highlight how colonial rule used their power to abuse the people of India and to help people identify the problems that occurred in Punjab. Indians were bound together because of their vulnerability to an illegitimate foreign regime.  [13]  The formation of this movement enabled a growing consciousness of self rule, which ultimately led to the partition due to religious differences. The emergence of the Khilafat Movement which was led by the two Ali brotherwas a political campaign by Muslims born in 1919.As a result of the Khilafat Movement, in 1920 many Muslims believed Hinduism was now a symbol for political mobilisation and soon enough there was a divide  [14]  .The anti British nature of the movement were the basis of a short Hindu-Muslim alliance.  [15]   The 1937 provincial election was an overwhelming success for the Congress. The weakness of the Muslim League was shown, as the Congress won 6 out of 11 provinces of non-Muslim constituencies. The National Congress refusing to form coalition with the League and attempting to win mass Muslim votes through their upper classes, was a party of attack on Muslim culture this forced Congress on centre. Quit India movement led to a clear field for the League, genesis of partition and Pakistan by 1942 became clear.  [16]   Many historians believe the introduction of the Lahore Resolution in 1940 was the pin point of the need for partition. This was based on the need for greater Muslim autonomy, maybe not for a separate nationhood but indeed a separate state. In this year, Jinnah made it clear he wanted a separate nationhood. However, it was the Lahore Resolution which created the need for divide. According to Asim Roy, it was not the League, but the Congress that chose to run its knife along mother India.  [17]  In an orthodox view, Roy believed that the resolution, adopted by the annual session of the League at Lahore in March 1949, was the first official pronouncement of the Pakistan or Partition demand by the party.  [18]  . According to revisionist view is, Lahore was not meant to be the demand for Pakistan but was seen as tactful move. Roy believed the combination Jinnahs declining influence in the congress, which later led to his resignation in 1920, and the rise of Gandhi and his popular ised politics as well as the adoption of the Lahore Resolution, all led to Jinnah and the Leagues objectives to ensure a secure and legitimate place for Muslims in the changing world of India  [19]  . The Lahore Resolution, based on the principle of a separate Muslim nationhood, communalised politics and destroyed the rationale and basis of intercommunal politics.  [20]  The need for a separate nationhood would bring about many complications and indeed a divide between religions. The Government of India Act of 1935 was the ultimate Leagues objective, on the basis of the large League representation of the centre this provided for a federal government in India which gave autonomy to the provinces. In 1942, the Cripps Mission was an attempt by the British government to secure Indian cooperation for their efforts which they made in World War II. Cripps mission lies in miscalculations and problems which the new central government bought with major party representation and major responsibility  [21]  Cripps causes his own problems. Gandhi saw British panic and collapse. Gandhi was able to see Jinnahs influence for Pakistan after the Lahore agreement had grown. Gandhi saw the Cripps declaration as an open invitation for Muslims to create Pakistan. And begged Cripps not to publicise the declaration as it would put pressure on the Congress  [22]   The Hindu Mahasabha told Cripps the problems of majority rule and distrust for Muslims and thus rejected it. Cripps mission was attempting to prevent a split in the British war cabinet  [23]  which sent out an ambassador to India without their agreement; this was seen to be a failure without the support of the Indians. When a letter was formed Cripps new he failed as the Congress leader wanted dictatorship and absolute power thus showing how strong the existing order was. A quit India movement began soon after. After the Cripps mission it showed how strong British raj was but now was unable to survive due to Cripps mission. This causes more tension among Indians and need for power. This can be seen to be another instrument in creating the partition. By 1945, the new Labour Government in Britain decides India is strategically indefensible and begins to prepare for Indian independence. The Cabinet Mission came from all that was denied by the Cripps mission to Jinnah. The British Cabinet Mission arrived in 1946 to India to negotiate the transfer of power, but it led to a stalemate due to disagreement for Muslims future of Pakistan. This led to intense communal clashes in Calcutta. By August 1947 the partition was finally agreed upon after months of disagreement and Pakistan was created. To conclude, it is evident that the partition of India was formed not due to religious difference but to the combination of British policies implemented in India as well as communal differences. A number of different acts allowed more political rights to Muslims which led to the idea of partition and the need for their own self government. The alienation of Muslims in the National Congress which led to the establishment of the Muslim League resulted in tension and the need for separatism. The number of movements in India during the 1900s had a common interest that was to have the right to self government however; this led to the need for partition and for Muslims to have their separate nationhood. I believe partition was not on the agenda for many Muslims prior 1940s however due to the two nation theory and communal tensions, partition seemed to be the only solution. This can be seen as an effect of the British policies which enabled more political thought.

Identity in Maya Angelous Graduation :: Maya Angelou The Graduation

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The inquiry of identity is both a philosophical and a psychological question. Identity is not only comprised of the characteristics that make individuals unique, but also includes external perceptions that classify groups of people together. It gives individuals a unique sense of self, and also lends itself to the application of labels and stereotypes. I believe identity is an integral part of human existence. It creates societies and distinguishes culture. It gives individuals a sense of community and self-worth. I have an identity that no one else can own. It is a reflection of my past and the foundation for my future. Every decision I make becomes a part of my identity. But like all humans, I tend to change my mind frequently.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   My identity is dynamic. I think this is common for all humans. I believe that all people undergo changes and shifts in identity. I once knew a Navy SEAL that would tell stories of the missions that he carried out while in the service. He often commented on the fact of how easily he and his comrades could joke and carry normal conversation merely minutes after having killed other soldiers. The dramatic change from a stalking killing machine to a â€Å"good ol’ drinking buddy† was astonishing. Maya Angelou describes in her essay â€Å"Graduation† an abrupt shift in identity that she experienced. During her 8th grade commencement ceremony, she became painfully aware of the prejudice and stereotypes that haunt her race. She also realized the history of this behavior and the obstacles that she faces when she heard the words to the Negro National Anthem â€Å"for the first time† (Angelou 38). I think it is common to experience mo ments in life that significantly change identity. I believe the most common shift in identity is the maturation process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I’ve always been fairly levelheaded, but within the last four years I have matured significantly and adapted my identity appropriately. My priorities have shifted and my attitudes have changed. I am essentially a different person. This change happened when I decided to return to school to finish my bachelor’s degree. I was holding down a full-time position, but in reality I was trying to perform the job of two people.

Design of Drilling Fluid

Design of Drilling Fluid 1. Introduction: Boring fluid is the fluid used while boring oil and natural gas. Boring unstable design is a really of import portion of boring procedure. Boring fluid is the media between drill spot and the formation. The design of boring fluid is based on the chief maps of boring fluid and the demand of each particular good. Generally, boring fluid has three major maps. They are:Cools and lubricates the drill spot.Circulates the boring film editings back to the surface.Balances or overcomes formation force per unit areas in the well bore to minimise the hazard of well-control issues. [ 1 ]2. Boring unstable environmental considerations: The design of boring fluid should do boring fluid meets the specific demand of each well and besides should be the most cost-effective manner. The public presentation of boring fluid can impact the efficiency of boring. There are a few cardinal concerns of planing a boring fluid. Health and environmental concerns are one of the issues the interior decorator of boring fluid should see. The type of boring fluid may pollute the groundwater and the chemical composing can impact the wellness of the operators. Safety is ever the first consideration and if the operation affects the ecosystem, it will go harder to obtain authorities permission. So it is of import to do certain the fluid is safe and lasting plenty during the boring operation. As one of the major map of boring fluid, it is of import to calculate out the proper weight of the fluid. A proper weight of fluid has to be sufficient to forestall runaway and will non fracture the well. If the fluid is excessively heavy, it will fracture the well because the force per unit area of the fluid is relative to the denseness of fluid. On the other manus, light fluid can non equilibrate the force per unit area of formation. In the instance of high-temperature well, the boring fluid should be able to bear 275-300 Fahrenheit of high temperature. When the formation being drilled is wage zone, the boring fluid should non impact the permeableness of the formation. It should be a non-damaging fluid. Cost is ever a large concern for an applied scientist. Mud may represents 5 % to 15 % of boring cost but may do 100 % of boring jobs. [ 2 ] So a proper design of boring fluid is like a via media. It provides the maps every bit less as it can and the interior decorator should detect the possible hazard. 3. Boring fluids types: The basic types of boring fluid will assist us understand the design of boring fluid better.Water-based fluid.Drill-in fluid.Oil-based fluid.Synthetic-based boring fluid.Water-based fluid is less expensive than oil-based fluid and synthetic-based boring fluid. It is widely used to bore 80 % of all Wellss. [ 3 ] Basically, most portion of a well is suited for water-based fluid. This system dissolve natural clays. The base fluid can be fresh H2O, saltwater, seawater and saturated seawater which do less injury to the environment. Some habit-forming can be added into the base fluid in order to assist fluid-loss control or complete certain undertakings. After the surface shell is cemented, the operator can still utilize water-based fluid unless another certain demand is needed. For all of these advantages, water-based fluid is a dominant system used in on-shore rigs. The two wide classs of water-based fluid are non-dispersed systems and spread systems. Non-dispersed systems can be weighte d to 17.0 to 18.0 ppg and run at 350 Fahrenheit and higher. Dispersed systems are treated with chemical dispersants that are designed to deflocculate clay atoms to let improved rheology control in higher-density clay. [ 4 ] Drill-in fluid is the boring fluid after boring into a wage zone. The design of a drill-in fluid requires adequate cognition about the reservoir. It should make less or no harm to the reservoir stone and easy to clean up. Drill-in fluids are used widely in horizontal Wellss, where the wage zone is exposed to the boring fluid a long distance. Drill-in fluids can be water-based, brine-based, oil-based or synthetic-based. The pick of drill-in fluid is of import to the production of a well because one time the harm has been made to the formation, it is rarely possible to retrieve the status of wage zone to the initial status. Oil-based fluids were designed and developed to assist turn to several boring jobs: formation clays that react, swell, or slough after exposure to WBFs ; increasing downhole temperatures ; contaminations ; and lodge pipe and torsion and retarding force. [ 5 ] Oil-based fluid can stand higher temperature without interrupting down. Oil-based fluids besides has greater cleaning abilities with less viscousness. It is used to avoid the jobs which water-based fluid could has. The disadvantages of oil-based fluid are: 1. It is more expensive and more toxic than water-based boring fluids. 2. Film editings can non be separated from the fluid while boring. 3. Sing the environmental facet, oil-based fluid incorporating Diesel fuel may incorporate aromatic hydrocarbons which can do taint. Synthetic-based fluid is a fluid which the base fluid is man-made oil. It is designed to avoid environmental impacts. It is frequently used on seaward rigs or environmentally sensitive countries, because it has the belongingss of an oil-based clay, but the toxicity of the fluid exhausts are much less than an oil-based fluid. This is of import when work forces work with the fluid in an enclosed infinite such as an offshore boring rig. [ 6 ] Major types of synthetic-based boring fluids are:EstersPoly-alpha alkenesLinear ciao alkenesInternal alkenesLAO/PAO ( additive alpha olefin/poly-alpha alkenes ) [ 7 ]4. Additives Barite is a common used addictive to all systems. It is used to increase denseness of the system. Keeping a high pH by adding NaOH helps command H2S and CO2. Bacterias can be controlled by utilizing a microbiocide additive. 5. Decision Mud control is an of import portion of boring. A good boring fluid design can avoid a batch of work and supply a good status of the wage zone which can better the public presentation of the well. With the development of the engineering for horizontal Wellss, the design of boring fluid truly became a more of import procedure. Mentions: [ 1 ] Lake, Larry W.Petroleum Engineering Handbook. Richardson, TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2006. Print. [ 2 ] Bloys, Ben, Neal Davis, Brad Smolen, Louise Bailey, Otto Houwen, Paul Reid, John Sherwood, Lindsay Fraser, and Mike Hodder. â€Å" Designing and Managing Drilling Fluid. †( Oilfield Review ) , Schlumberger. 1 Mar. 1994. Web. 12 Mar. 2015. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.slb.com/resources/publications/industry_articles/oilfield_review/1994/or19940403_drilling_fluid.aspx & gt ; . [ 3 ] Oilfield Market Report 2004. Spears & A ; Assoc. Inc. , Tulsa, Oklahoma, www.spearsresearch.com. [ 4 ] â€Å" Drilling Fluid Types. †Ã¢â‚¬â€œ. Web. 8 Mar. 2015. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //petrowiki.org/Drilling_fluid_types & gt ; . [ 5 ] Lake, Larry W.Petroleum Engineering Handbook. Richardson, TX: Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2006. Print. [ 6 ] â€Å" Drilling Fluids. †AES DRILLING FLUIDS, LLC. Web. 8 Mar. 2015. & lt ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.aesfluids.com/drilling_fluids.html & gt ; . [ 7 ] Meinhold, Anne.Model for a Comparative Environmental Assessment of Drilling Fluids. Washington, DC: United States. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy ; , 1998. Print.

Harriet Jacobs

â€Å"The educated differ from the uneducated as much as the living from the dead† (Power 1), Aristotle knew the importance of education; especially literacy. Literacy is what stood between the slaves and the slaves owners. However, some of the enslaved were fortunate enough to possess more intelligence than their owners knew. Harriet Jacobs is one of the few that shared the knowledge of literacy and she knew the power that this held. She used this as her driving force to push through all of the hardships a slave had to endure on a daily basis. Jacobs account in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl truly depict the power of literacy.As a young girl Jacobs learns of her fate to come. â€Å"When I was six years old, my mother died; and then, for the first time, I learned, by the talk around me, that I was a slave† (Jacobs 10). Jacobs blesses her first mistress, Margaret Horniblow, for teaching her to read and spell. From this early age Jacobs begins to see that language and reality are intertwined. Through this interconnected thinking Jacobs discovers how to decode both the word and the world. This causes bitterness towards her mistress Margaret, when she teaches her the bible. â€Å"My mistress had taught me the percepts of God’s word: ‘Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself. ‘Whatsoever ye would that men should do unto you, do ye even so unto them. ’ But I was her slave, and I suppose she did not recognize me as her neighbor† (Jacobs). Jacobs realizes that her mistress does not view her as her neighbor and in turn doesn’t view her as a human being. The hypocrisy shown to her through the bible infuriates Jacobs. This leads Jacobs to question literacy as a possible pathway to freedom, however, Jacobs ability to read and write never sets her free. â€Å"Education makes people easy to lead, but difficult to drive; easy to govern, but impossible to enslave† (Power 1).Henry Peter, Lord Brougham explain th is in â€Å"The Present State of the Law†; this statement holds true to the way slave owners held their power over the Slaves. Unlike the biblical reading Jacobs reads with her mistress, the slave owners would warp Christ’s word to make slaves believe that their enslavement was warranted by God. These twisted passages would be read orally by the slave owners. Jacob’s now notices how language can be abused and used against her fellow slaves. As a testament to Jacobs eye opening experiences, Harryette Mullen uncovers the oral abuse slaves endured.This was necessary through the slave owners eyes because they were afraid of rioting and runaway slaves. There plantations depended on the slaves labour, so they needed to make it very clear tot their slaves that whites were of a higher society. â€Å"If institutionalized illiteracy was intended to exempt African Americans from access to or participation in the discursive formations of bourgeois society, then to the exte nt that it succeed, it also left them outside conventional ideological constructions that played a part in determining white identities† (Mullen 256)Along with these biblical reading slave owners also payed special attention to their women slaves. Most of the time female slaves were sexual harassed and raped. Jacobs was a victim of harassment when she lived in Dr. Flint’s household. â€Å"Illiterate slave women operated within a tradition of resistant orality, or verbal self defense, which included speech acts variously labeled sassy or saucy, impudent, impertinent, or insulant: the speech of slaves who refused to know their place, who contested their assigned social and legal inferiority as slaved and as black women† (Mullen 255).Jacobs was put into dozens of inappropriate situations and these became worse when Dr. Flint discovered Jacobs literacy. Dr. Flint send her sexual letters which Jacobs tells him that she cannot read. â€Å"While Harriet Jacob’s literacy was a tremendous source of empowerment, it also exposed her to an even more concentrated dose of the ideology of domesticity than the training she received while living and working in the homes of white women and observing their behavior† (Mullen 260) Quotes I want to use but I’m not sure how. —- Their texts, by focusing on a continuum of resistance to oppression available to the illiterate as well as the literate, tend to stress orality as a presence over illiteracy as an absence† (Mullen 255). â€Å"Harriet Jacob’s narrative, which may be seen as ascribing gender to the generic (male) narrative genre, demonstrates that it is possible to appropriate bourgeois ideology to affirm the humanity of slaves and illiterates-without Douglass’s rhetorical conflation of literacy, freedom, and manhood, which reinforces rather than challenges the symbolic emasculation of the male slave and the silencing of the female slave.Because she associates the slave’s humanity with defiant or subversive speech, resistant behavior, and the ethics of reciprocal relationships, as well as with writing and individual autonomy, Jacobs affirms the humanity of the collectivity of slaves as well as the successful fugitive and literate narrator† (Mullen 261) â€Å"For Jacobs, literacy serves to record for a reading audience a continuity of experience already constructed and preserved within her family through oral accounts† (Mullen 261). â€Å"Only the educated are free† Epictetus (Power 1) â€Å"Education is a better safeguard of liberty than a standing army† Edward Everett (Power 1)